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Sandra Bass: Good morning, everyone. I look at Rosewood and Tulsa in my work because there are so many similarities, then it becomes striking that the outcomes were different. So, we can see something like in the bail bond system, which is on the ballots in California today. Martin Luther King said that Blacks and whites had different definitions of integration, and for whites it simply meant desegregation, the absence of harm. Let me just read a paragraph about each case and then talk about the outcomes. We see upward mobility in the white community, but we see downward mobility in the Black community. BERKELEY COUNTY, S.C. (WCBD) – Authorities are investigating after a body was found in Berkeley County on Friday morning. Charles Henry: Well, I mean we can talk both about elected officials and non-elected officials and, of course, the elected officials, most of the efforts behind H.R. It is automatically shown on your tax bill. Sandra Bass: Great. Phone: 304-264-1971 An attorney can help you and the employer present the best case for approval of the H-1B status application to the USCIS. That paycheck stops and they’re on the street, they’re homeless and we see that in a disproportionate number of Blacks in the homeless population. 380 West South Street Suite 1100 Martinsburg, WV 25401 Phone: 304-264-1971 Fax: 304-263-6092 Prosecuting Attorney The Homestead Acts give about, I think it’s 240-some million acres to whites to settle, free land if you settle on it and develop it, to white Americans. I was struck at the time, by the fact that this was a Utopian work that took many of the characteristics or tropes of the counter culture of the 60s and turned that into a future vision where we had a society in which Oregon and Washington and Northern California had seceded from the Union and established essentially Ecotopia. Dominic S. Orsini, Martinsburg City Police Sandra Bass: Dr. Henry can I interrupt you for just one second? Most reparations discussions I see want to affect the wealth gap in the United States, which ranges from, the California Bill quotes a figure of, Blacks have one-sixteenth the wealth of whites. This is in the early 1920s, so these are some of the first aerial bombs that people fly over and throw explosives out of. www.martinsburgpd.org And so with that, I would like to turn it over to Professor Charles Henry. For one particular reason, in 1988, Japanese Americans received an apology and reparations for the internment of Japanese Americans in the United States. Engle, age 30, was the co-owner of Hearts2Heros, a for-profit entity that allegedly was meant to support the military by creating and sending care packages to deployed service members. Fast forward quickly to the turn of the century. In Florida, Rosewood was not the worst case, there were worse cases of Black massacres and violence and lynchings in the areas around Rosewood. So, if you’re able to close that wealth gap, it gives you the resources to survive pandemics when you’re not employed or you’re not getting your paycheck, kids who can’t afford their apartments can come home and stay with parents who are in a house that has their mortgage paid, etc. This has been wonderful, it’s so appreciative of Professor Henry for sharing his time with us today, and thank you for joining us for this latest offering in the America’s Unfinished Work series with OLLI. Colonization was still an option for some. It’s not all about cash payments; it’s about education, it’s about restoring history and capturing history as in the American History and Culture Museum, it’s about repatriation of art. They tried to break in, he shoots back out. Thank you so much. Charles Henry: Yeah, I think that’s the beginning point. I want to mention her, I don’t have time to talk extensively about her, but I want to mention her and Queen Mother Moore as two Black women essential leaders in this reparation struggle from the turn of the century up through the ’60s. This is Rosewood: “The trouble started in Sumner, which is a city close to Rosewood, in the early morning of New Year’s Day 1922, when Fannie Taylor stumbled out of her house bleeding and battered. You would see that reflected, for example, in the candidacy of someone like Bernie Sanders, and respondents in another poll favoring cash reparations to descendants of slaves rose from 14% to 29%. Government Web Site for That once we reach that, acknowledge that, then we can have some form of redress and then there has to be some closure on both sides. He had to go to a colored restroom, it was in this building. That conference occurred one week before 9/11, and after 9/11 many, many issues were off the agenda and terrorism became the issue. Following the Inequality Policy Brief, here are six ways to minimize the rising economic inequality prevalent in the United States. The ground has shifted some since this last period. Christopher Barnhart The reason that legal cases have had problems historically in the United States, in terms of winning reparations, are three major, I think. So, the problem will become the Senate of course, which is not in Democratic hands and so if you want H.R. Linda Robinson The third is the statute of limitations, which in many cases if your property had been stolen or destroyed, the statute of limitations, in the case of Tulsa and Rosewood had passed and so it’s difficult for you to bring legal action. If you’re bringing the case, have you been harmed by this action?” If you can’t prove that you’ve been harmed, that your ancestors have been harmed as one thing, that people you know had been harmed, but if you haven’t been harmed it’s difficult for you to bring that case. Page screamed, and as Rowland hurried away, a clothing store clerk spotted him. The Black Panther party, which adopts a 10-point program also, in some ways mirroring what the Black Muslim said, but in a secular way in what they consider a more progressive way, in that it’s not calling for separate land from whites, but it’s calling for land, housing, jobs, food, but land is a part of the Panther demands. In fact, Professor Henry mentions in his book that a somewhat flippant remark about the futility of pursuing reparations from a prominent African American political insider, was one of the reasons he wrote his book. So, there’s a kind of domino effect flowing from the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 and we have action on the local level, as well. A very significant factor in this is that the sheriff in Tulsa deputizes 500 whites to serve as his sort of posse and they go into the Black community. Certainly, if you look at our history, if you look at mainstream news and we look at eight of our presidents before the Civil War, they were slave owners. One of the things I didn’t talk about when I talked about 40 acres and a mule, was at the same time, they’re talking about 40 acres and a mule, the Homestead Act passes in 1866 and there’s several Homestead Acts. My co-author and I looked at a number of classical works from Thomas Moore to Nathaniel Hawthorne to Edward Bellamy and found that even though many of them are written in times of great racial turmoil, race was not even discussed. Kevin Watson We found that in the case of the Japanese American operations, for example. So, let me move then to a comparison of Rosewood and Tulsa because what I find interesting, particularly from the political standpoint, is looking at movements that are successful versus those that are not successful and what are the factors that contribute to that the success or the failure. They said that they wanted land. We’ll have time for Q&A at the end, I’ll be pulling those questions out and sharing them with Professor Henry. Ashley Broadus He received his doctorate in political science from the University of Chicago and joined Berkeley in 1981. There is no public policy issue that has separated Blacks and whites more in terms of opinion than reparations, and candidates for office have avoided that like the plague up until very recently, including Barack Obama. We have the Black Muslims, which become popular and the Black Muslims incidentally have connections to the Garvey Organization as well through Elijah Muhammad, who had been associated with the Garvey movement, but they become popular with Malcolm X becoming the lead minister, and of course they have a 10-point program, a major plank of that program asks for land in the South that will be developed as a Black nation in the South. So let me briefly talk about this, I want to try to talk for maybe 30 or 35 minutes right now, and then leave you time to ask some questions and for me to try to answer them. Chief Deputy Jeremy Baker with the Berkeley County … West Virginia State Police The basic point is that this shift in public opinion to the left then has prepared more favorable ground for reparations claims, and we see that reflected in some recent successes in reparations. Supreme Court (803)734-1080 Court of Appeals (803)734-1890 Court Admin (803)734-1800 Disciplinary Counsel (803)734-2038 Human Resources (803)734-1970 Fiscal Services (803)734-0590 Technical Support (803)734-1799 One of the factors for this is that Black soldiers had come back with a new attitude about how they wanted to be treated in the United States, and so we see some resistance that we hadn’t seen in earlier massacres of Blacks, like Wilmington…. The Gwinnett County Clerk of Superior Court Richard T. Alexander, Jr., is asking all veterans of all military branches of service to make sure their DD-214 is recorded at the courthouse. But the North Carolina case highlights the fact that we’ve had apologies from six state governments for slavery, state legislatures apologizing, and we had the House and the Senate issue apologies, I think, in 2009. I think this is, when we talk about the buildup of microaggressions and that kind of thing, it would be a cathartic thing for people to talk about their experiences in this country on both sides of the issue. People are asking in the chat about Rosewood, I don’t know if everyone knows that case. When they had hearings on this, it kind of opened up this pent-up emotion and these feelings. John Hope Franklin was raised around Tulsa, the Dean of Black historians, and only very late in his career discussed Tulsa at all, so there’s this kind of erasure of history that Baldwin is hinting at. After the success of pushing for civil and political rights in the ’64 Civil Rights Act, the ’65 Voting Rights Act, the Urban League puts forth a martial plan for the Negro saying, “We have to be concerned about economics as well,” as Ella Baker said, “What’s the use of being able to sit at a lunch counter if you don’t have the money to buy a hamburger?” And so, the Urban League is saying, “We could at least do as much for African Americans as we did for those that were displaced by World War II. A kind of shorthand definition for reparations would be a process that includes acknowledgment, redress and closure, and I think one of the ways I’ve tried to, in this very brief time, encompass a long history of efforts in this regard is the first slide that we have up here, reparations cycles. Many had been very silent about this, and their kids and grandkids knew very little about it. And so, we’ve got action both at this level, the California level, and at the national level electorally. Second, there was no organized Black Caucus in the Oklahoma legislature as there was in the Florida legislature, and most importantly, there was no Hispanic Caucus in the Oklahoma legislature. Incidentally, there’s a large number of victims of forced sterilizations in California, as well. Around a dozen citizens planned to voice their concerns over how the Berkeley County Council handled the replacement of two elected positions — Elaine Mauck’s appointment to fill the unexpired term of County Clerk John W. Small Jr., and Dan Dulyea’s appointment to the county council seat Mauck vacated in taking her new role. Martin Luther King picks that up and expands it, and asks for an Economic Bill of Rights for the disadvantaged, and we can go right on through that Economic Rights argument with the Congressional Black Caucus through the early ’70s, calls for full employment for Americans. We have North Carolina, within the last year or so, agreeing to pay reparations to victims of forced sterilization and there were about 7,000 of them in a period from, I think, the 1920s to the 1950s in North Carolina. Back in the Jurassic period, which was the 1970s, at least at this reading, I co-authored an article called Imagining a Future in America, or the subtitle was No Black Utopias. Cheryl Saville So, we’d seemed to have solved lots of the problems that affected us during that period, including climate change, gender inequality, et cetera. Berkeley County West Virginia, - Applications & Downloads - Tax Records - GIS Maps, - Open Bid Announcements According to background information shared by the county, Mauck is a retired educator, who was first elected to the Berkeley County Council in 2010 and then reelected to six-year terms in 2012 and 2018. For a more comprehensive search, be … One more word about the time because I won’t have time later to really get into it and that is, this is a time of particular violence in the United States in the post-World War I era, 1919 has been called the Red Summer. And even Lincoln, during the Civil War, was actively exploring the possibility of colonization for Black Americans at some place outside of the United States, whether it be the Caribbean or Africa or Latin America, and was actually at one point told it would be physically impossible to relocate 4 million slaves. At the beginning of the Obama administration, for example, in 2008, things were pretty hopeful. For important information regarding current U.S. immigration policy, Executive Orders, and travel advisories, please see our Immigration Policy Updates page and COVID-19 FAQ page. As we know, the most famous one being in South Africa, but there’s been local ones here in the U.S. and others around the world. James Lyons So we’ve only got a couple of minutes left. If you want to get involved in reparations that may or may not involve cash compensation, but I consider the whole sort of removing confederate statues a part of, “Let’s look at the real history here and why these statues are here and what they represent, and what the absence of statues for Black women or Black men represent.”. DACA recipient Luis Alejandro Liang, the first student profiled in the brand new Berkeley Haas first-person series called “Haas Voices,” talks about his road to UC Berkeley — from being raised in Sinaloa, Mexico, to his move at age 14 to Orange County with his mother and sisters to a tour of UC campuses as a community college student where he fell in love with Berkeley. So, we have to look at what our students are being taught in their schools and what’s happening locally, in terms of police brutality or homelessness or segregation in terms of housing, who’s living next to you? So, we see people talking about then some sort of fund that would be used to help Blacks gain assets to close this wealth gap and I could talk further on that, but there are other questions. We’ve got just about 15 minutes left, and I wanted to make sure we got to some of the questions. The unexpired term of county clerk, to which Mauck has filled, ends Dec. 31, 2022. Charles Henry: Give me two minutes, and then I’m done. So, that’s sort of the name of the game at the electoral level, although a question I got when we passed it in California was somebody said, “Well, isn’t it kind of superfluous to do this in California because we’re doing it on the national level?”. Berkeley Courthouse NOTICE: Effective April 10, 2017, the Probate Examiners' phone hours have been suspended until further notice. Professor Henry was Distinguished Fulbright Chair in American History and Politics at the University of Bologna in Italy and also was one of the first two Fulbright-Tocqueville Distinguished Chairs in France teaching at the University of Tours, I hope I pronounced that correctly, and Chancellor Birgeneau also presented Henry with the Chancellors Award for Advancing Institutional Excellence in April 2008. I’m also thrilled to be here because Professor Henry has been a mentor of mine since I was a graduate student at Cal, and what I remembered in meeting him for the first time was his intellectual generosity, warmth and encouragement. This legislation was passed and signed by Ronald Reagan and benefited about 120,000 Japanese Americans. So, that’s an obstacle that we see repeatedly, standing as an obstacle and what we mean by standing is the court will say, “Have you been harmed? So when you say, “Well, if I give you a $5,000 check,” I think this was something on the Colbert Show once or something, “If I give you a $5,000 check…” Actually, it was, I think, Charles Krauthammer said at one point a few years ago, the late conservative columnist, “Let’s just write a check for $5,000 to give it to people and I don’t want to hear any more complaints from you.” That sort of doesn’t make up for intergenerational wealth. Kate B. Harding Listed here are fellowship programs reviewed by Career Center counselors. One of the people that grew up in the Marcus Garvey Organization was a woman called Audley Moore and she would later develop one of the mid-20th-century Black reparations groups that would take the claim for reparations to the UN among others in 1950. So, we find that the legislative route, in terms of both the local and state level, has been more favorable than the legal route in most cases. An African American descendant of slaves myself, this talk is particularly close to my heart for a couple of reasons. Clementine Hopkins And so, the question is, what can reparations do to address this inequity and change the system? Berkeley’s hands are not clean on this, if you want to talk a little bit about that later. Berkeley County is located in the Shenandoah Valley in the Eastern Panhandle region of West Virginia in the United States. By Public Affairs, UC Berkeley| February 12, 2021February 12, 2021. The press played a very negative role, the white press in the cases of Rosewood and Tulsa, particularly Tulsa. Street Name Search: Please feel free to use our Street Name Search function to help determine whether a proposed road name has already been used or placed on reserve in Berkeley County. If you read the Black version of these accounts, they’re totally different. There was a failure of legal redress, there were at least 100 lawsuits in the case of Tulsa. 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