For charities, there is also a downward trend for each of these measures since 2018 although the changes are not statistically significant. When filtering down only to breaches with a material outcome, median costs tend to be higher. ↩, This category previously included another question around staff training, which is no longer asked. This rises to four per cent among large businesses. Four in ten businesses (39%) and over half of charities (56%) that have had breaches or attacks report being impacted in one of the ways noted in Figure 5.6. Awareness of Cyber Essentials is particularly high among information and communications firms (31%, vs. 13% among all businesses) and finance and insurance firms (24%). These examples also indicate a series of interactions that most organisations have on an annual basis with a trusted third party – financial audits, board meetings with their accountant, tax returns and conversations with their bank or insurance broker – which might make good opportunities to discuss cyber security and introduce relevant government guidance. However, the longer-term trend suggests little change over time – the result was 45 per cent in 2016. As such, several interviewees did not see how the cyber security of these wider suppliers was their responsibility or concern. where there were separate legal or compliance teams and IT teams), • a lack of awareness of specific agencies to report to, such as Action Fraud or the ICO. One firm said that their suppliers would not give them access to their systems to carry out an audit. Figure 5.9: Changes over time in average (mean) costs for the most disruptive breaches with material outcomes. Where it is possible to make comparisons, there are positive indications that both businesses and charities are taking more action than before to review their cyber security risks. Three-quarters of charities say this about their senior management (74%, up from 53% in 2018). For example, fewer say they have network firewalls in place (73%, vs. 83% of businesses overall) or have an appropriate password policy (72%, vs. 81% overall). ↩. It is worth noting that our fieldwork for the 2017 survey was before the WannaCry ransomware attack in May of that year, which affected many UK organisations. Across the years this survey has been carried out, we have repeatedly found these sector differences. At the same time, we also uncovered multiple reasons for organisations not reporting breaches. Furthermore, only 12 per cent of businesses and the same proportion of charities say they do all the six things mentioned in Figure 6.2. Figure 3.3 breaks down how often senior managers get updates on the state of cyber security and any actions being taken. From 2016 to 2019, there have been various minor additions to the answer list available to interviewers, although there has always been an “other” option to record answers not on this list. There was a sense that the ICO has had a higher profile since the introduction of GDPR. Manchester United will not say if they have received ransom demands over the cyber attack on the club last week that forced them to shut down their systems. The most common action is carrying out an internal or external audit – half of businesses (50%) and charities (49%) have done this. The threat is incredibly serious—and growing. ↩, In calculating these margins of error, the design effect of the weighting has been taken into account. 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